Foundation

Reading Music: Note Values

How drum notation works, from the staff up

Duration · 20 min Focus · Reading
Prerequisites

Drum notation borrows the look of melodic notation but throws away the pitch. Instead of a treble or bass clef, you'll see two short vertical lines at the start of the staff — that's the neutral clef, and it's the universal sign that says "this is a percussion part." There's no "C" or "G" here; each line and space is a position, and each position is a drum.

The staff is read from left to right, divided into bars by vertical bar lines. The two numbers stacked at the very start are the time signature: the top number tells you how many beats fit in a bar, and the bottom number tells you which note value gets called "one beat." In 4/4 — by far the most common — there are four beats per bar, and the quarter note is the beat. In 6/8, there are six beats per bar, and the eighth note is the beat.

The drums you hit go in fixed places on the staff. Higher-pitched instruments sit higher; lower ones sit lower. For this curriculum the layout is: hi-hat / ride as an X-shaped notehead at the top, snare on the middle line, kick in the bottom space (with stems pointing down), hi-hat foot as an X below the staff. Toms sit between snare and hi-hat in pitch order — high tom near the top, floor tom near the bottom.

Every note has a length, called its value. A whole note lasts four beats. Cut it in half: a half note, two beats. Cut that in half: a quarter note, one beat. Cut again: an eighth, half a beat. Again: a sixteenth, a quarter of a beat. And once more: a thirty-second, an eighth of a beat. Every note value also has an equivalent rest — a silence of exactly the same duration. The exercises below stay on the snare so you can put your eyes on the page and learn what each shape sounds like in your hands.

1 — Whole Notes (Four Beats)
4/4 · ♩ = 60
One snare hit on beat 1, then nothing for the next three beats. Count 1, 2, 3, 4 out loud the whole time. The note doesn't sustain on a drum — but its value still occupies four beats of space.
2 — Half Notes (Two Beats)
4/4 · ♩ = 60
Two strokes per bar — one on beat 1, one on beat 3. Still count all four beats. Notice how the half note has an open (hollow) head — that's how you tell it from a quarter at a glance.
3 — Quarter Notes (One Beat Each)
4/4 · ♩ = 70
One stroke per beat. Quarter notes are filled noteheads with a plain stem — the workhorse of drum reading. Counts: 1, 2, 3, 4.
4 — Eighth Notes (Half a Beat Each)
4/4 · ♩ = 70
Twice as fast as quarters. Eighths get a single flag, but when several sit next to each other they're beamed together with one bar — that's just visual grouping, the duration is the same. Count 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 &.
5 — Sixteenth Notes (a Quarter of a Beat Each)
4/4 · ♩ = 65
Four strokes per beat. Sixteenths get a double beam (two horizontal bars). Count 1 e & a · 2 e & a · 3 e & a · 4 e & a — one syllable per stroke. If it falls apart, slow the metronome down. Reading is a separate skill from speed.
6 — A Mixed Bar (Putting Values Together)
4/4 · ♩ = 70
Half note, then a quarter, then two eighths. Counts: 1 (2), 3, 4 &. The half note covers beats 1 and 2 — say 2 out loud even though you don't strike on it. Reading is mostly about saying the silent counts.
Move on when
  • Can name every note value (whole through 16th) and how many beats it lasts in 4/4
  • Can identify snare, kick, and hi-hat positions on the drum staff without prompting
  • Plays Ex 4 and Ex 5 cleanly while counting out loud, no stumbles